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These four procedures are often used together or in sequence to diagnose and treat narrowed or blocked blood vessels, especially in the heart and legs.
Angiography is a diagnostic imaging test that helps doctors see inside your blood vessels. A special dye is injected into your bloodstream, and X-rays or other imaging tools are used to track how blood flows through your arteries.
Helps locate blockages, narrowing, or abnormal blood flow
Often used before treatment to guide decisions
Can be performed on the heart, brain, legs, kidneys, and more
Atherectomy is a minimally invasive procedure that removes plaque buildup from inside an artery.
A catheter with a blade, laser, or rotating tool is inserted into the artery
The plaque is cut, sanded, or vaporized, then removed
Often used when plaque is hard or calcified, making angioplasty alone less effective
Angioplasty is a procedure that opens narrowed arteries using a tiny balloon.
A catheter with a balloon is guided to the blockage
The balloon is inflated to push plaque against the artery wall, widening the vessel
May be used alone or before placing a stent
Stenting involves placing a tiny mesh tube (called a stent) inside the artery to keep it open after angioplasty.
Most stents are permanent and may be coated with medication to prevent re-narrowing
Helps maintain blood flow and reduce the risk of future blockages
Commonly used in coronary arteries, legs, and neck
How They Work Together:
Angiography finds the problem
Atherectomy clears tough plaque
Angioplasty opens the vessel
Stenting keeps it open long-term
An ICD is a small device that helps protect you from dangerous heart rhythms. It’s placed under the skin near your collarbone and connected to your heart with thin wires called leads. The ICD constantly monitors your heartbeat and can deliver a quick electrical shock if it detects a rhythm that could lead to sudden cardiac arrest.
During the procedure, your doctor gently guides the leads through a blood vessel into your heart. Once the leads are in place, the ICD is connected and tested to make sure it works properly. The device is then tucked under the skin, and the incision is closed. Most people go home the same day or the next.
The ICD doesn’t interfere with your normal heartbeat—it’s there as a safety net, ready to act if your heart ever beats too fast or irregularly. Some ICDs also work as pacemakers, helping your heart beat steadily if it slows down.
It’s a well-established and life-saving procedure. Think of it as a guardian for your heart, quietly watching over your rhythm and stepping in only when needed.
A pacemaker is a small device that helps keep your heart beating at a steady, healthy rhythm. It’s placed under the skin near your collarbone and connected to your heart with thin wires called leads. The device sends gentle electrical signals to your heart when it beats too slowly or irregularly.
During the procedure, your doctor guides the leads through a blood vessel into your heart. Once the leads are in place, the pacemaker is connected and tested to make sure it’s working properly. The device is then tucked under the skin, and the incision is closed. Most people go home the same day or the next.
The pacemaker doesn’t take over your heartbeat—it simply steps in when needed to keep things on track. Some pacemakers also adjust your heart rate based on your activity level, helping you feel more energized and preventing symptoms like dizziness or fatigue.
It’s a safe and commonly performed procedure. Think of it as a reliable rhythm coach, helping your heart stay in sync so you can keep doing the things you love.
The CardioMEMS implant is a small, wireless sensor placed in the pulmonary artery—the blood vessel that carries blood from your heart to your lungs. It’s designed to help doctors monitor heart failure by measuring pressure inside this artery, which can show how well your heart is working.
The procedure to implant the device is minimally invasive. A cardiologist uses a thin tube (catheter) inserted through a vein in your groin to guide the sensor into place. Once implanted, the sensor sends daily pressure readings to your care team using a special pillow you lie on at home. These readings help your doctor spot early signs of worsening heart failure—often before you feel symptoms—so they can adjust your treatment and help you avoid hospital visits.
The device is battery-free, doesn’t interfere with daily activities, and most patients don’t even feel it’s there. Think of it as a silent guardian that keeps tabs on your heart’s health from the inside, giving your doctor the information they need to keep you feeling your best.
A loop recorder implant—also called an implantable loop recorder (ILR)—is a small device placed just under the skin of your chest to monitor your heart’s electrical activity over a long period of time. It’s used to detect irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that may cause symptoms like fainting, dizziness, or palpitations, especially when those symptoms happen infrequently and are hard to catch with short-term tests.
The procedure is minimally invasive and typically done in a clinic or outpatient setting. Your doctor makes a tiny incision and inserts the device, which is about the size of a USB stick. Once in place, the loop recorder continuously records your heart’s rhythm and automatically stores any abnormal activity. You’ll also receive a handheld activator to manually record symptoms when they occur.
The device can monitor your heart for up to three years, sending data wirelessly to your care team. It doesn’t interfere with daily activities—you can bathe, swim, and exercise normally. Think of it as a silent observer that helps your doctor uncover hidden heart rhythm issues and guide the right treatment plan.
These procedures are designed to close small openings in the heart that didn’t seal properly after birth. These openings can allow blood to flow in the wrong direction, which may increase the risk of stroke, heart strain, or other complications. Most closures are minimally invasive, using a thin tube (catheter) inserted through a vein in the groin and guided to the heart. A small device is placed to seal the hole, and over time, heart tissue grows around it.
Here’s a breakdown of each:
•PFO (Patent Foramen Ovale): A flap-like opening between the heart’s upper chambers that usually closes after birth. If it stays open, it can allow blood clots to bypass the lungs and travel to the brain, potentially causing a stroke. Closure is done using a catheter to place a small device that seals the opening permanently.
•ASD (Atrial Septal Defect): A hole in the wall between the heart’s upper chambers. Larger ASDs can cause the heart and lungs to work harder. Closure may be done surgically or with a catheter-based device, depending on the size and location of the defect.
•VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect): A hole between the heart’s lower chambers. Small VSDs may close on their own, but larger ones can lead to heart failure or lung damage. Closure is typically done through surgery or a catheter-based procedure using a specialized device.
A cardiac electrophysiology study (often called an EP study) is a test that helps doctors understand how the electrical signals in your heart are working. These signals control your heartbeat, and when they don’t work properly, it can lead to irregular heart rhythms—called arrhythmias.
During the test, thin flexible tubes called catheters are gently guided through a blood vessel into your heart. These catheters record your heart’s electrical activity and may also send small signals to see how your heart responds. This helps your doctor pinpoint the cause of any abnormal rhythms and decide the best treatment—sometimes even fixing the issue during the same procedure.
It’s a safe and commonly performed test, and most people go home the same day. Think of it as a detailed map that helps your care team understand your heart’s rhythm and keep it beating the way it should.
Cardioversion is a procedure that helps restore your heart to a normal rhythm when it’s beating too fast or irregularly—a condition known as an arrhythmia. It’s most commonly used to treat atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, which can cause symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, or fatigue.
During the procedure, your care team uses either medication or a brief, controlled electrical shock to reset your heart’s rhythm. If electrical cardioversion is used, sticky pads are placed on your chest (and sometimes back), and a quick pulse of energy is delivered while you’re under light sedation—so you won’t feel a thing.
It’s a safe and commonly performed procedure, and most people go home the same day. Think of it as a reset button for your heartbeat, helping your heart get back in sync so you can feel better and reduce your risk of complications like stroke.
A transesophageal echocardiogram, or TEE, is a special type of ultrasound test that gives your doctor a detailed look at your heart’s structure and function. Instead of placing the ultrasound device on your chest like a standard echocardiogram, the doctor gently guides a thin, flexible tube with a small camera down your throat and into your esophagus—the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. Because the esophagus sits right behind the heart, this approach provides clearer, more precise images.
During the test, you’ll be given medication to help you relax, and your throat will be numbed to make the procedure more comfortable. The camera sends sound waves to your heart, and the echoes are turned into pictures that help your doctor spot issues like valve problems, blood clots, infections, or congenital defects.
It’s a safe and commonly performed test, and most people go home the same day. Think of it as a close-up snapshot of your heart, helping your care team see what’s going on inside with remarkable clarity.
Joint arthroplasty—also known as joint replacement surgery—is a procedure where a damaged or worn-out joint is replaced with an artificial one. This is most commonly done for hips, knees, and shoulders, but it can also be performed on other joints like ankles or elbows.
The surgery is typically recommended when joint pain and stiffness from conditions like arthritis or injury make everyday activities difficult. During the procedure, the surgeon removes the damaged parts of the joint and replaces them with a prosthetic made of metal, plastic, or ceramic. The new joint is designed to move just like a natural one, helping restore mobility and relieve pain.
Most joint replacements are done on an outpatient basis or with a short hospital stay. Recovery involves physical therapy to strengthen the muscles around the joint and improve movement. Many patients experience long-lasting relief and a better quality of life after the procedure.
A partial knee replacement is a surgical procedure that replaces only the damaged portion of your knee joint, rather than the entire joint. It’s often recommended for patients with arthritis or injury limited to one area of the knee—usually the inner (medial) or outer (lateral) compartment.
During the procedure, the surgeon removes the worn-out cartilage and bone from the affected section and replaces it with a metal and plastic implant that mimics the natural movement of your knee. The healthy parts of your knee—including ligaments and surrounding cartilage—are left intact, which helps preserve more natural motion.
Most patients are up and walking with assistance shortly after surgery and return to normal activities within a few weeks. Think of it as a targeted repair, restoring comfort and mobility without replacing the entire joint.
Arthroscopic surgery is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat problems inside a joint—most commonly the knee, shoulder, or hip. Instead of making a large incision, your surgeon uses a tiny camera called an arthroscope, which is inserted through a small cut near the joint. This camera sends images to a screen, allowing the surgeon to see inside the joint and guide small instruments to repair damaged tissues.
This technique is often used to treat joint pain, injuries like torn ligaments or cartilage, and conditions such as arthritis. Because the incisions are small, patients typically experience less pain, faster healing, and minimal scarring compared to traditional surgery. Most arthroscopic procedures are done on an outpatient basis, meaning you can go home the same day.
Think of it as a high-tech way to peek inside your joint and fix what’s causing discomfort—without the need for major surgery.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)—a type of surgery used to repair serious bone fractures. When a bone breaks into multiple pieces or shifts out of place, it may not heal properly with just a cast or splint. That’s when ORIF becomes necessary.
During the procedure, the surgeon makes an incision to access the broken bone (open reduction) and carefully repositions the pieces into their correct alignment. Then, metal hardware such as screws, plates, rods, or pins is used to hold the bone together while it heals (internal fixation).
This technique helps ensure the bone heals in the right shape and position, reducing pain and restoring movement. ORIF is commonly used for fractures in the arms, legs, hips, and ankles.
Recovery usually involves physical therapy and can take several weeks to months, depending on the severity of the fracture. Most patients go home the same day or after a short hospital stay.
Think of ORIF as a structural repair—like reinforcing a broken bridge—so your bone can heal strong and steady.
Carpal tunnel release is a surgical procedure used to relieve pressure on the median nerve in your wrist, which can become compressed and cause pain, numbness, or weakness in your hand. This condition is known as carpal tunnel syndrome.
During the procedure, the surgeon carefully cuts the transverse carpal ligament—a band of tissue that forms the roof of the carpal tunnel. This creates more space for the nerve and tendons, easing the pressure and helping restore normal function.
Most patients experience relief from symptoms within weeks, though full recovery can take a few months depending on how long the nerve was compressed.
Cubital tunnel release is a surgical procedure that relieves pressure on the ulnar nerve—the nerve that runs along the inside of your elbow and controls sensation in your ring and pinky fingers. When this nerve becomes compressed, it can cause numbness, tingling, pain, and even hand weakness—a condition known as cubital tunnel syndrome.
During surgery, the tight tissues pressing on the nerve are carefully released, creating more space for the nerve to move freely. In some cases, the surgeon may also reposition the nerve to prevent future irritation.
Most patients notice improvement in symptoms within weeks, though full nerve recovery may take several months depending on severity.
Hip injections are a non-surgical treatment used to relieve pain and inflammation in the hip joint, especially when caused by arthritis, bursitis, labral tears, or general wear and tear. The procedure involves injecting medication—often a combination of a local anesthetic and a corticosteroid—directly into the joint to reduce swelling and improve mobility.
In some cases, injections may also help diagnose the source of pain by temporarily numbing the joint to see if symptoms improve.